Brown v. Board of Education
From Social Justice Wiki
In the early 1950s, racial segregation in public schools was the norm across America. Although all the schools in a given district were supposed to be equal, the vast majority of black schools were far inferior to their white counterparts.
In 1954, Oliver Brown, a black parent whose daughter was denied enrollment in an all-white school in Topeka, KS, joined forces with other black parents and the NAACP, and requested an injunction that would forbid the segregation of Topeka's public schools. The NAACP argued that segregated schools sent the message to black children that they were inferior to whites; therefore, the schools were inherently unequal. The Board of Education's defense was that, because segregation in Topeka and elsewhere pervaded many other aspects of life, segregated schools simply prepared black children for the segregation they would face during adulthood.
The US Supreme Court had to make its decision based not on whether or not the authors of the Fourteenth Amendment had desegregated schools in mind when they wrote the amendment in 1868, but based on whether or not desegregated schools deprived black children of equal protection under the law.
The Supreme Court struck down the "separate but equal" doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson for public education, ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, and required the desegregation of schools across America. The Brown v. Board of Education decision did not abolish segregation in other public areas, such as restaurants and restrooms, nor did it require desegregation of public schools by a specific time. It did, however, declare the permissive or mandatory segregation that existed in 21 states unconstitutional. It was a giant step towards complete desegregation of public schools. Even partial desegregation of these schools, however, was still very far away, as would soon become apparent.
To read a complete transcript of the case, click here.